IAS 2 Inventories

Overview

IAS 2 Inventories contains the requirements on how to account for most types of inventory. The standard requires inventories to be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV) and outlines acceptable methods of determining cost, including specific identification (in some cases), first-in first-out (FIFO) and weighted average cost.

A revised version of IAS 2 was issued in December 2003 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.

History of IAS 2

Date	Development	Comments
September 1974	Exposure Draft E2 Valuation and Presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System published
October 1975	IAS 2 Valuation and Presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System issued
August 1991	Exposure Draft E38 Inventories published
December 1993	IAS 9 (1993) Inventories issued	Operative for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1995
18 December 2003	IAS 2 Inventories issued	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005

Related Interpretations

IFRIC 20 Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine

SIC-1 Consistency - Different Cost Formulas for Inventories. SIC-1 was superseded by and incorporated into IAS 2 (Revised 2003).

Summary of IAS 2

Objective of IAS 2

The objective of IAS 2 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. It provides guidance for determining the cost of inventories and for subsequently recognising an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories.

Scope

Inventories include assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business (finished goods), assets in the production process for sale in the ordinary course of business (work in process), and materials and supplies that are consumed in production (raw materials). [IAS 2.6]

However, IAS 2 excludes certain inventories from its scope: [IAS 2.2]

work in process arising under construction contracts (see IAS 11 Construction Contracts)

financial instruments (see IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement)

biological assets related to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest (see IAS 41 Agriculture).

Also, while the following are within the scope of the standard, IAS 2 does not apply to the measurement of inventories held by: [IAS 2.3]

producers of agricultural and forest products, agricultural produce after harvest, and minerals and mineral products, to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value (above or below cost) in accordance with well-established practices in those industries. When such inventories are measured at net realisable value, changes in that value are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change

commodity brokers and dealers who measure their inventories at fair value less costs to sell. When such inventories are measured at fair value less costs to sell, changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.

Fundamental principle of IAS 2

Inventories are required to be stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV). [IAS 2.9]

Measurement of inventories

Cost should include all: [IAS 2.10]

costs of purchase (including taxes, transport, and handling) net of trade discounts received

costs of conversion (including fixed and variable manufacturing overheads) and

other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs identifies some limited circumstances where borrowing costs (interest) can be included in cost of inventories that meet the definition of a qualifying asset. [IAS 2.17 and IAS 23.4]

Inventory cost should not include: [IAS 2.16 and 2.18]

abnormal waste

storage costs

administrative overheads unrelated to production

selling costs

foreign exchange differences arising directly on the recent acquisition of inventories invoiced in a foreign currency

interest cost when inventories are purchased with deferred settlement terms.

The standard cost and retail methods may be used for the measurement of cost, provided that the results approximate actual cost. [IAS 2.21-22]

For inventory items that are not interchangeable, specific costs are attributed to the specific individual items of inventory. [IAS 2.23]

For items that are interchangeable, IAS 2 allows the FIFO or weighted average cost formulas. [IAS 2.25] The LIFO formula, which had been allowed prior to the 2003 revision of IAS 2, is no longer allowed.

The same cost formula should be used for all inventories with similar characteristics as to their nature and use to the entity. For groups of inventories that have different characteristics, different cost formulas may be justified. [IAS 2.25]

Write-down to net realisable value

NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. [IAS 2.6] Any write-down to NRV should be recognised as an expense in the period in which the write-down occurs. Any reversal should be recognised in the income statement in the period in which the reversal occurs. [IAS 2.34]

Expense recognition

IAS 18 Revenue addresses revenue recognition for the sale of goods. When inventories are sold and revenue is recognised, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognised as an expense (often called cost-of-goods-sold). Any write-down to NRV and any inventory losses are also recognised as an expense when they occur. [IAS 2.34]

Disclosure

Required disclosures: [IAS 2.36]

accounting policy for inventories

carrying amount, generally classified as merchandise, supplies, materials, work in progress, and finished goods. The classifications depend on what is appropriate for the entity

carrying amount of any inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell

amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period

amount of any reversal of a write-down to NRV and the circumstances that led to such reversal

carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities

cost of inventories recognised as expense (cost of goods sold).

IAS 2 acknowledges that some enterprises classify income statement expenses by nature (materials, labour, and so on) rather than by function (cost of goods sold, selling expense, and so on). Accordingly, as an alternative to disclosing cost of goods sold expense, IAS 2 allows an entity to disclose operating costs recognised during the period by nature of the cost (raw materials and consumables, labour costs, other operating costs) and the amount of the net change in inventories for the period). [IAS 2.39] This is consistent with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, which allows presentation of expenses by function or nature

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS # 1 Presentation of Financial Statements

Overview

IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements sets out the overall requirements for financial statements, including how they should be structured, the minimum requirements for their content and overriding concepts such as going concern, the accrual basis of accounting and the current/non-current distinction. The standard requires a complete set of financial statements to comprise a statement of financial position, a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, a statement of changes in equity and a statement of cash flows.

IAS 1 was reissued in September 2007 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009.

History of IAS 1

Date	Development	Comments
March 1974	Exposure Draft E1 Disclosure of Accounting Policies
January 1975	IAS 1 Disclosure of Accounting Policies issued	Operative for periods beginning on or after 1 January 1975
June 1975	Exposure Draft E5 Information to Be Disclosed in Financial Statements published
October 1976	IAS 5 Information to Be Disclosed in Financial Statements issued	Operative for periods beginning on or after 1 January 1975
July 1978	Exposure Draft E14 Current Assets and Current Liabilities published
November 1979	IAS 13 Presentation of Current Assets and Current Liabilities issued	Operative for periods beginning on or after 1 January 1981
1994	IAS 1, IAS 5, and IAS 13 reformatted
July 1996	Exposure Draft E53 Presentation of Financial Statements published
August 1997	IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (1997) issued (Supersedes IAS 1 (1975), IAS 5, and IAS 13 (1979))	Operative for periods beginning on or after 1 July 1998
18 December 2003	IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (2003) issued	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005
18 August 2005	Amended by Amendment to IAS 1 — Capital Disclosures	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2007
16 March 2006	Exposure Draft Proposed Amendments to IAS 1 – A Revised Presentation published	Comment deadline 17 July 2006
22 June 2006	Exposure Draft Financial Instruments Puttable at Fair Value and Obligations Arising on Liquidation published	Comment deadline 23 October 2006
6 September 2007	IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (2007) issued	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009
14 February 2008	Amended by Puttable Financial Instruments and Obligations Arising on Liquidation	Effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009
22 May 2008	Amended by Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2007 (classification of derivatives as current or non-current)	Effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009
16 April 2009	Amended by Improvements to IFRSs 2009 (classification of liabilities as current)	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010
6 May 2010	Amended by Improvements to IFRSs 2010 (clarification of statement of changes in equity)	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2011
27 May 2010	Exposure Draft ED/2010/5 Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income published	Comment deadline 30 September 2010
16 June 2011	Amended by Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2012
17 May 2012	Amended by Annual Improvements 2009-2011 Cycle (comparative information)	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013
18 December 2014	Amended by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1) (project history)	Effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016

Related Interpretations

IAS 1 (2003) superseded SIC-18 Consistency - Alternative Methods

IFRIC 17 Distributions of Non-cash Assets to Owners

SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions in the Legal Form of a Lease

SIC-29 Disclosure - Service Concession Arrangements

Amendments under consideration

IAS 1 — Disclosures about going concern

IAS 1 — Classification of liabilities

Disclosure initiative — Principles of disclosure (research project)

Disclosure initiative — Materiality (research project)

Summary of IAS 1

Objective of IAS 1

The objective of IAS 1 (2007) is to prescribe the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements, to ensure comparability both with the entity's financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities. IAS 1 sets out the overall requirements for the presentation of financial statements, guidelines for their structure and minimum requirements for their content. [IAS 1.1] Standards for recognising, measuring, and disclosing specific transactions are addressed in other Standards and Interpretations. [IAS 1.3]

Scope

IAS 1 applies to all general purpose financial statements that are prepared and presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). [IAS 1.2]

General purpose financial statements are those intended to serve users who are not in a position to require financial reports tailored to their particular information needs. [IAS 1.7]

Objective of financial statements

The objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance, and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. To meet that objective, financial statements provide information about an entity's: [IAS 1.9]

assets

liabilities

equity

income and expenses, including gains and losses

contributions by and distributions to owners (in their capacity as owners)

cash flows.

That information, along with other information in the notes, assists users of financial statements in predicting the entity's future cash flows and, in particular, their timing and certainty.

Components of financial statements

A complete set of financial statements includes: [IAS 1.10]

a statement of financial position (balance sheet) at the end of the period

a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period (presented as a single statement, or by presenting the profit or loss section in a separate statement of profit or loss, immediately followed by a statement presenting comprehensive income beginning with profit or loss)

a statement of changes in equity for the period

a statement of cash flows for the period

notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes

comparative information prescribed by the standard.

An entity may use titles for the statements other than those stated above.  All financial statements are required to be presented with equal prominence. [IAS 1.10] 

When an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements, it must also present a statement of financial position (balance sheet) as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period.

Reports that are presented outside of the financial statements – including financial reviews by management, environmental reports, and value added statements – are outside the scope of IFRSs. [IAS 1.14]

Fair presentation and compliance with IFRSs

The financial statements must "present fairly" the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events, and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Framework. The application of IFRSs, with additional disclosure when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation. [IAS 1.15]

IAS 1 requires an entity whose financial statements comply with IFRSs to make an explicit and unreserved statement of such compliance in the notes. Financial statements cannot be described as complying with IFRSs unless they comply with all the requirements of IFRSs (which includes International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards, IFRIC Interpretations and SIC Interpretations). [IAS 1.16]

Inappropriate accounting policies are not rectified either by disclosure of the accounting policies used or by notes or explanatory material. [IAS 1.18]

IAS 1 acknowledges that, in extremely rare circumstances, management may conclude that compliance with an IFRS requirement would be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Framework. In such a case, the entity is required to depart from the IFRS requirement, with detailed disclosure of the nature, reasons, and impact of the departure. [IAS 1.19-21]

Going concern

The Conceptual Framework notes that financial statements are normally prepared assuming the entity is a going concern and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future. [Conceptual Framework, paragraph 4.1]

IAS 1 requires management to make an assessment of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.  If management has significant concerns about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, the uncertainties must be disclosed. If management concludes that the entity is not a going concern, the financial statements should not be prepared on a going concern basis, in which case IAS 1 requires a series of disclosures. [IAS 1.25]

Accrual basis of accounting

IAS 1 requires that an entity prepare its financial statements, except for cash flow information, using the accrual basis of accounting. [IAS 1.27]

Consistency of presentation

The presentation and classification of items in the financial statements shall be retained from one period to the next unless a change is justified either by a change in circumstances or a requirement of a new IFRS. [IAS 1.45]

Materiality and aggregation

Each material class of similar items must be presented separately in the financial statements. Dissimilar items may be aggregated only if the are individually immaterial. [IAS 1.29]

However, information should not be obscured by aggregating or by providing immaterial information, materiality considerations apply to the all parts of the financial statements, and even when a standard requires a specific disclosure, materiality considerations do apply. [IAS 1.30A-31]*

* Added by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.

Offsetting

Assets and liabilities, and income and expenses, may not be offset unless required or permitted by an IFRS. [IAS 1.32]

Comparative information

IAS 1 requires that comparative information to be disclosed in respect of the previous period for all amounts reported in the financial statements, both on the face of the financial statements and in the notes, unless another Standard requires otherwise. Comparative information is provided for narrative and descriptive where it is relevant to understanding the financial statements of the current period. [IAS 1.38]

An entity is required to present at least two of each of the following primary financial statements: [IAS 1.38A]

statement of financial position*

statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income

separate statements of profit or loss (where presented)

statement of cash flows

statement of changes in equity

related notes for each of the above items.

* A third statement of financial position is required to be presented if the entity retrospectively applies an accounting policy, restates items, or reclassifies items, and those adjustments had a material effect on the information in the statement of financial position at the beginning of the comparative period. [IAS 1.40A]

Where comparative amounts are changed or reclassified, various disclosures are required. [IAS 1.41]

Structure and content of financial statements in general

IAS 1 requires an entity to clearly identify: [IAS 1.49-51]

the financial statements, which must be distinguished from other information in a published document

each financial statement and the notes to the financial statements.

In addition, the following information must be displayed prominently, and repeated as necessary: [IAS 1.51]

the name of the reporting entity and any change in the name

whether the financial statements are a group of entities or an individual entity

information about the reporting period

the presentation currency (as defined by IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates)

the level of rounding used (e.g. thousands, millions).

Reporting period

There is a presumption that financial statements will be prepared at least annually. If the annual reporting period changes and financial statements are prepared for a different period, the entity must disclose the reason for the change and state that amounts are not entirely comparable. [IAS 1.36]

Statement of financial position (balance sheet)

Current and non-current classification

An entity must normally present a classified statement of financial position, separating current and non-current assets and liabilities, unless presentation based on liquidity provides information that is reliable. [IAS 1.60] In either case, if an asset (liability) category combines amounts that will be received (settled) after 12 months with assets (liabilities) that will be received (settled) within 12 months, note disclosure is required that separates the longer-term amounts from the 12-month amounts. [IAS 1.61]

Current assetsare assets that are: [IAS 1.66]

expected to be realised in the entity's normal operating cycle

held primarily for the purpose of trading

expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting period

cash and cash equivalents (unless restricted).

All other assets are non-current. [IAS 1.66]

Current liabilitiesare those: [IAS 1.69]

expected to be settled within the entity's normal operating cycle

held for purpose of trading

due to be settled within 12 months

for which the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement beyond 12 months (settlement by the issue of equity instruments does not impact classification).

Other liabilities are non-current.

When a long-term debt is expected to be refinanced under an existing loan facility, and the entity has the discretion to do so, the debt is classified as non-current, even if the liability would otherwise be due within 12 months. [IAS 1.73]

If a liability has become payable on demand because an entity has breached an undertaking under a long-term loan agreement on or before the reporting date, the liability is current, even if the lender has agreed, after the reporting date and before the authorisation of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach. [IAS 1.74] However, the liability is classified as non-current if the lender agreed by the reporting date to provide a period of grace ending at least 12 months after the end of the reporting period, within which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment. [IAS 1.75]

Line items

The line items to be included on the face of the statement of financial position are: [IAS 1.54]

(a)	property, plant and equipment
(b)	investment property
(c)	intangible assets
(d)	financial assets (excluding amounts shown under (e), (h), and (i))
(e)	investments accounted for using the equity method
(f)	biological assets
(g)	inventories
(h)	trade and other receivables
(i)	cash and cash equivalents
(j)	assets held for sale
(k)	trade and other payables
(l)	provisions
(m)	financial liabilities (excluding amounts shown under (k) and (l))
(n)	current tax liabilities and current tax assets, as defined in IAS 12
(o)	deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, as defined in IAS 12
(p)	liabilities included in disposal groups
(q)	non-controlling interests, presented within equity
(r)	issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent.

Additional line items, headings and subtotals may be needed to fairly present the entity's financial position. [IAS 1.55] 

When an entity presents subtotals, those subtotals shall be comprised of line items made up of amounts recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS; be presented and labelled in a clear and understandable manner; be consistent from period to period; and not be displayed with more prominence than the required subtotals and totals. [IAS 1.55A]*

* Added by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.

Further sub-classifications of line items presented are made in the statement or in the notes, for example: [IAS 1.77-78]:

classes of property, plant and equipment

disaggregation of receivables

disaggregation of inventories in accordance with IAS 2 Inventories

disaggregation of provisions into employee benefits and other items

classes of equity and reserves.

Format of statement

IAS 1 does not prescribe the format of the statement of financial position. Assets can be presented current then non-current, or vice versa, and liabilities and equity can be presented current then non-current then equity, or vice versa. A net asset presentation (assets minus liabilities) is allowed. The long-term financing approach used in UK and elsewhere – fixed assets + current assets - short term payables = long-term debt plus equity – is also acceptable.

Share capital and reserves

Regarding issued share capital and reserves, the following disclosures are required: [IAS 1.79]

numbers of shares authorised, issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid

par value (or that shares do not have a par value)

a reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period

description of rights, preferences, and restrictions

treasury shares, including shares held by subsidiaries and associates

shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts

a description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity.

Additional disclosures are required in respect of entities without share capital and where an entity has reclassified puttable financial instruments.  [IAS 1.80-80A]

Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income

Concepts of profit or loss and comprehensive income

Profit or loss is defined as "the total of income less expenses, excluding the components of other comprehensive income".  Other comprehensive income is defined as comprising "items of income and expense (including reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised in profit or loss as required or permitted by other IFRSs".  Total comprehensive income is defined as "the change in equity during a period resulting from transactions and other events, other than those changes resulting from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners". [IAS 1.7]

---

Comprehensive income for the period

=

Profit or loss

+

Other comprehensive income

---

All items of income and expense recognised in a period must be included in profit or loss unless a Standard or an Interpretation requires otherwise. [IAS 1.88] Some IFRSs require or permit that some components to be excluded from profit or loss and instead to be included in other comprehensive income.

Examples of items recognised outside of profit or loss

Changes in revaluation surplus where the revaluation method is used under IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment and IAS 38 Intangible Assets Remeasurements of a net defined benefit liability or asset recognised in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits (2011) Exchange differences from translating functional currencies into presentation currency in accordance with IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Gains and losses on remeasuring available-for-sale financial assets in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement The effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge under IAS 39 or IFRS 9 Financial Instruments Gains and losses on remeasuring an investment in equity instruments where the entity has elected to present them in other comprehensive income in accordance with IFRS 9 The effects of changes in the credit risk of a financial liability designated as at fair value through profit and loss under IFRS 9.

In addition, IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors requires the correction of errors and the effect of changes in accounting policies to be recognised outside profit or loss for the current period. [IAS 1.89]

Choice in presentation and basic requirements

An entity has a choice of presenting:

a single statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, with profit or loss and other comprehensive income presented in two sections, or

two statements:

a separate statement of profit or loss

a statement of comprehensive income, immediately following the statement of profit or loss and beginning with profit or loss [IAS 1.10A]

The statement(s) must present: [IAS 1.81A]

profit or loss

total other comprehensive income

comprehensive income for the period

an allocation of profit or loss and comprehensive income for the period between non-controlling interests and owners of the parent.

Profit or loss section or statement

The following minimum line items must be presented in the profit or loss section (or separate statement of profit or loss, if presented): [IAS 1.82-82A]

revenue

gains and losses from the derecognition of financial assets measured at amortised cost

finance costs

share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method

certain gains or losses associated with the reclassification of financial assets

tax expense

a single amount for the total of discontinued items

Expenses recognised in profit or loss should be analysed either by nature (raw materials, staffing costs, depreciation, etc.) or by function (cost of sales, selling, administrative, etc). [IAS 1.99] If an entity categorises by function, then additional information on the nature of expenses – at a minimum depreciation, amortisation and employee benefits expense – must be disclosed. [IAS 1.104]

Other comprehensive income section

The other comprehensive income section is required to present line items which are classified by their nature, and grouped between those items that will or will not be reclassified to profit and loss in subsequent periods. [IAS 1.82A]

An entity's share of OCI of equity-accounted associates and joint ventures is presented in aggregate as single line items based on whether or not it will subsequently be reclassified to profit or loss. [IAS 1.82A]*

* Clarified by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.

When an entity presents subtotals, those subtotals shall be comprised of line items made up of amounts recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS; be presented and labelled in a clear and understandable manner; be consistent from period to period; not be displayed with more prominence than the required subtotals and totals; and reconciled with the subtotals or totals required in IFRS. [IAS 1.85A-85B]*

* Added by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.

Other requirements

Additional line items may be needed to fairly present the entity's results of operations. [IAS 1.85]

Items cannot be presented as 'extraordinary items' in the financial statements or in the notes. [IAS 1.87]

Certain items must be disclosed separately either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the notes, if material, including: [IAS 1.98]

write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to recoverable amount, as well as reversals of such write-downs

restructurings of the activities of an entity and reversals of any provisions for the costs of restructuring

disposals of items of property, plant and equipment

disposals of investments

discontinuing operations

litigation settlements

other reversals of provisions

Statement of cash flows

Rather than setting out separate requirements for presentation of the statement of cash flows, IAS 1.111 refers to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows.

Statement of changes in equity

IAS 1 requires an entity to present a separate statement of changes in equity. The statement must show: [IAS 1.106]

total comprehensive income for the period, showing separately amounts attributable to owners of the parent and to non-controlling interests

the effects of any retrospective application of accounting policies or restatements made in accordance with IAS 8, separately for each component of other comprehensive income

reconciliations between the carrying amounts at the beginning and the end of the period for each component of equity, separately disclosing:

profit or loss

other comprehensive income*

transactions with owners, showing separately contributions by and distributions to owners and changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in a loss of control

* An analysis of other comprehensive income by item is required to be presented either in the statement or in the notes. [IAS 1.106A]

The following amounts may also be presented on the face of the statement of changes in equity, or they may be presented in the notes: [IAS 1.107]

amount of dividends recognised as distributions

the related amount per share.

Notes to the financial statements

The notes must: [IAS 1.112]

present information about the basis of preparation of the financial statements and the specific accounting policies used

disclose any information required by IFRSs that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements and

provide additional information that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements but is relevant to an understanding of any of them

Notes are presented in a systematic manner and cross-referenced from the face of the financial statements to the relevant note. [IAS 1.113]

IAS 1.114 suggests that the notes should normally be presented in the following order:*

a statement of compliance with IFRSs

a summary of significant accounting policies applied, including: [IAS 1.117]

the measurement basis (or bases) used in preparing the financial statements

the other accounting policies used that are relevant to an understanding of the financial statements

supporting information for items presented on the face of the statement of financial position (balance sheet), statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows, in the order in which each statement and each line item is presented

other disclosures, including:

contingent liabilities (see IAS 37) and unrecognised contractual commitments

non-financial disclosures, such as the entity's financial risk management objectives and policies (see IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures)

* Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016, clarifies this order just to be an example of how notes can be ordered and adds additional examples of possible ways of ordering the notes to clarify that understandability and comparability should be considered when determining the order of the notes.

Other disclosures

Judgements and key assumptions

An entity must disclose, in the summary of significant accounting policies or other notes, the judgements, apart from those involving estimations, that management has made in the process of applying the entity's accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements. [IAS 1.122]

Examples cited in IAS 1.123 include management's judgements in determining:

when substantially all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of financial assets and lease assets are transferred to other entities

whether, in substance, particular sales of goods are financing arrangements and therefore do not give rise to revenue.

An entity must also disclose, in the notes, information about the key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. [IAS 1.125] These disclosures do not involve disclosing budgets or forecasts. [IAS 1.130]

Dividends

In addition to the distributions information in the statement of changes in equity (see above), the following must be disclosed in the notes: [IAS 1.137]

the amount of dividends proposed or declared before the financial statements were authorised for issue but which were not recognised as a distribution to owners during the period, and the related amount per share

the amount of any cumulative preference dividends not recognised.

Capital disclosures

An entity discloses information about its objectives, policies and processes for managing capital. [IAS 1.134] To comply with this, the disclosures include: [IAS 1.135]

qualitative information about the entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing capital, including>

description of capital it manages

nature of external capital requirements, if any

how it is meeting its objectives

quantitative data about what the entity regards as capital

changes from one period to another

whether the entity has complied with any external capital requirements and

if it has not complied, the consequences of such non-compliance.

Puttable financial instruments

IAS 1.136A requires the following additional disclosures if an entity has a puttable instrument that is classified as an equity instrument:

summary quantitative data about the amount classified as equity

the entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing its obligation to repurchase or redeem the instruments when required to do so by the instrument holders, including any changes from the previous period

the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase of that class of financial instruments and

information about how the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase was determined.

Other information

The following other note disclosures are required by IAS 1 if not disclosed elsewhere in information published with the financial statements: [IAS 1.138]

domicile and legal form of the entity

country of incorporation

address of registered office or principal place of business

description of the entity's operations and principal activities

if it is part of a group, the name of its parent and the ultimate parent of the group

if it is a limited life entity, information regarding the length of the life

Terminology

The 2007 comprehensive revision to IAS 1 introduced some new terminology. Consequential amendments were made at that time to all of the other existing IFRSs, and the new terminology has been used in subsequent IFRSs including amendments. IAS 1.8 states: "Although this Standard uses the terms 'other comprehensive income', 'profit or loss' and 'total comprehensive income', an entity may use other terms to describe the totals as long as the meaning is clear. For example, an entity may use the term 'net income' to describe profit or loss." Also, IAS 1.57(b) states: "The descriptions used and the ordering of items or aggregation of similar items may be amended according to the nature of the entity and its transactions, to provide information that is relevant to an understanding of the entity's financial position."

Term before 2007 revision of IAS 1	Term as amended by IAS 1 (2007)
balance sheet	statement of financial position
cash flow statement	statement of cash flows
income statement	statement of comprehensive income (income statement is retained in case of a two-statement approach)
recognised in the income statement	recognised in profit or loss
recognised [directly] in equity (only for OCI components)	recognised in other comprehensive income
recognised [directly] in equity (for recognition both in OCI and equity)	recognised outside profit or loss (either in OCI or equity)
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss ('recycling')	reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment
Standard or/and Interpretation	IFRSs
on the face of	in
equity holders	owners (exception for 'ordinary equity holders')
balance sheet date	end of the reporting period
reporting date	end of the reporting period
after the balance sheet date	after the reporting period